The Court Affirmed A Lower Court’s Enforcement Of The Arbitration Clause, Requiring The Consumers To Arbitrate Their Claims Against A Home Inspection Company, And Also Affirmed The Lower Court’s Refusal To Vacate The Arbitrator’s Decision Dismissing The Consumers’ Claims, Based On Clear Disclaimers In The Inspection Contract

Masseau, et al. v. Luck, et al., 2021 VT 9 (Feb. 19, 2021) 

The case was a breach of contract, etc., case involving new homeowners against a home inspection company that was part of a national home inspection franchise company. The couple who bought the home that the company had inspected for them sued the company for not disclosing the possible presence of asbestos in the home, which the couple later discovered when they decided to remodel the kitchen and ripped out the ceiling. The company moved to dismiss on substantive grounds under Rule 12(b)(6), citing the multiple disclaimers in the inspection contract. Alternatively, the company moved to enforce the arbitration clause in the contract. Plaintiffs opposed on both grounds.

The trial court did not dismiss but ordered arbitration. Plaintiffs objected to arbitration on the grounds that the contract’s arbitration clause did not contain the separate Acknowledge of Arbitration language required by Vermont statute for Vermont contracts. 12 V.S.A. § 5652(b). The court rejected their objection on the grounds that the contract was one “in interstate commerce” and therefore the Vermont statute did not apply. In addition, the plaintiffs objected because the arbitration service that was specified in the contract was no longer in business. But the court found that that provision could be severed, and ordered the parties to agree on an arbitrator of their own choosing.

The parties agreed on a Vermont arbitrator. The company requested that, as a preliminary matter and before convening for an evidentiary hearing with the arbitrator, the arbitrator should decide whether the case should be dismissed for the reasons the company had argued in the motion to dismiss it had filed with the court. Plaintiffs did not object to that procedure.

The arbitrator considered the company’s motion to dismiss and the plaintiffs’ opposition thereto and issued a decision dismissing the plaintiffs’ complaint on the grounds (as the company had argued in its motion) that the inspection contract clearly excluded the obligation to look for and report on non-visible environmental issues, such as asbestos.

Plaintiffs moved to vacate the arbitrator’s decision but a subsequent judge in the trial court affirmed it.

The homeowners appealed to the Vermont Supreme Court. [Note, the plaintiffs had also sued the homesellers for not disclosing the possible presence of asbestos in the home. The appeal against the inspection company proceeded after the plaintiffs’ resolved and dismissed their claims against the homesellers.]

The issues on appeal were: (a) the enforceability of the arbitration clause, and (b) the validity of the arbitrator’s substantive decision that the plaintiffs had no claim under the contract.

The Vermont Supreme Court Affirms The Enforcement Of The Arbitration Clause Against The Consumers, Rejecting The Argument That The Clause Was Unenforceable Because It Did Not Contain The Vermont-Specific “Acknowledgement of Arbitration” Language.

First, the Vermont Supreme Court affirmed the trial court’s decision that the company’s home inspection contract was a contract in interstate commerce. The contract expressly called for arbitration, but did not include the special arbitration notice required for Vermont contracts. Plaintiffs argued to the Supreme Court (as they had to the trial court) that the Vermont notice was required because the contract was not a contract in interstate commerce, but was a local home inspection contract pertaining to a home in Vermont. The Supreme Court rejected that argument, citing federal court cases, including two U.S. Supreme Court cases, giving broad effect to the Commerce Clause at it applies to arbitration agreements. In both U.S. Supreme Court cases, the transaction at issue occurred within a single state, but the Court determined that the companies involved in the contracts, and the transactions at issue, “involved interstate commerce,” and that therefore the Federal Arbitration Act applied and the arbitration clauses in both cases were enforceable. Applying the reasoning of those cases, the Vermont Supreme Court observed that the home inspection company was part of a national franchise and used a national form of contract. In addition, inspections are a regular part of home purchase transactions and therefore affect the national residential real estate market. The Vermont Supreme Court concluded that federal interstate commerce law applied, preempting the Vermont Arbitration Act, and that therefore the trial court had properly required the homeowners to arbitrate their claim against the inspection company pursuant to the clause in the contract.

As a separate matter, the Court then also concluded that the trial court had been well within its discretion to sever out the part of the arbitration clause that required the consumers to arbitrate with a particular organization that was no longer in business and order the parties to choose an arbitrator.

The Vermont Supreme Court Affirms The Arbitrator’s Decision Dismissing The Consumers’ Claims Against The Inspection Company, Rejecting The Argument That The Arbitrator’s Decision Showed “Manifest Disregard Of The Law.”

Next, the Vermont Supreme Court rejected plaintiffs’ argument that the arbitrator exceeded his authority in dismissing their complaint. Plaintiffs argued that the arbitrator engaged in “manifest disregard of the law” in dismissing their claims against the company as unavailing under the Rule 12(b)(6) standard because of the disclaimers in the contract. Importantly, the Court held that even if, arguendo, the arbitrator committed “legal error” by dismissing the plaintiffs’ claims, “legal error” is not grounds for vacating an arbitration decision under the Federal Arbitration Act. The Court recapitulated the many cases that hold that a court can vacate an arbitration decision only where misconduct or an egregious mistake occurred. (The Court discussed whether “manifest disregard of the law” is even a basis for vacating an arbitration decision, but concluded that it did not matter, because under any circumstances ordinary legal errors are not a basis for doing so.)

Thus, the Supreme Court affirmed the trial court’s refusal to vacate the arbitration decision in the inspection company’s favor.

This is an important decision in Vermont law. There are few Vermont decisions on arbitration clauses, and even fewer discussing the interplay between the broadly-construed Federal Arbitration Act and the more-restrictive Vermont Arbitration Act. The Court never engaged in any discussion of whether an arbitration clause involving consumer contracts, such as the one at issue here, is unfair or unconscionable. Second, there are few Vermont decisions discussing the standards for vacating an arbitrator’s decision.